In 2021, U.S. Navy personnel accidentally caused two releases of kerosene-based aviation fuel (jet propellant 5, or JP-5) from the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility on O'ahu, Hawai'i, contaminating the drinking water supply for Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam and the Aliamanu Military Reservation. This exposure impacted up to 93,000 individuals, disrupting their lives and, for many, resulting in acute and ongoing health concerns. The Department of Veterans Affairs and the Defense Health Agency tasked the National Academies with convening an expert committee to make recommendations for monitoring the health of community members exposed. The resulting report was informed by exposed community members. It reviews and determines the strength of scientific evidence; reviews available exposure assessments and models: provides recommendations on clinical surveillance, testing, and care: and identifies research needs.